- What is Questionnaire
- Meaning of Questionnaire
- Characteristics of a Good Questionnaire
- Questionnaire Design Process
- Types of Questionnaire
- Importance of Questionnaire in Social Science Research
Introduction
In contemporary social research, questionnaires play a significant role in gathering data. They provide a fair way to collect information from various social groups spread across different demographics. Acting as a bridge between researchers and respondents, questionnaires must be carefully designed to ensure clarity and thoroughness in collecting relevant data. Crafting an effective questionnaire requires skill, insight, efficiency and experience. There are no strict rules for creating a questionnaire; rather, it involves thoughtful consideration and adjustment to suit the specific research context.
A questionnaire is a systematic approach to gathering data, consisting of a series of questions aimed at obtaining responses from participants to understand their perspectives, experiences, and behaviours related to the research topic. Formulating questions that successfully extract the desired information from respondents is crucial in questionnaire design. While there are no set scientific guidelines ensuring an ideal questionnaire, designing effective questions is a skill developed through practical experience.
Meaning of Questionnaire
A questionnaire holds significant importance in research endeavours, as it is specifically crafted to meet the objectives or queries of a study. It entails creating a thorough set of questions relevant to these objectives, outlining the required information to address them, and presenting these inquiries to participants for their feedback. Essentially, a questionnaire acts as a structured method of inquiry, typically administered to a substantial sample of individuals to collect data for a survey. In essence, it can be defined as a document containing a series of questions tailored to align with the research’s aims and objectives.
To sum up, a questionnaire is a document consisting of questions and potential responses, carefully curated by the researcher and distributed to participants. These participants then complete and return it, facilitating further analysis and utilization of the collected data.
Characteristics of a Good Questionnaire
Questionnaires find wide application across diverse sectors, such as private enterprises, governmental bodies, NGOs and individuals, offering a cost-efficient method to gather feedback and data from target audiences. They play a crucial role in research endeavours and other projects for which they are designed, requiring careful consideration to achieve optimal results. Serving as a fundamental component of primary surveys, questionnaires produce tailored data aligned with the surveying organization’s objectives. In cases of large-scale data collection, outsourcing questionnaire administration to an external entity may become necessary. Without questionnaires, conducting primary surveys would prove impractical. Key characteristics of an effective questionnaire include various elements, encompassing, but not limited to:
1. Size Should be Small: Researchers must aim to streamline their inquiries, considering the nature, goals, and breadth of their study. Overloading respondents with unnecessary or tangential questions is counterproductive, as it squanders their time. Moreover, a surplus of questions escalates the researcher’s workload, resulting in delays in data gathering and analysis. Additionally, an abundance of irrelevant inquiries may agitate respondents, prompting them to decline participation. Ideally, a meticulously crafted questionnaire should encompass 15 to 25 questions. Should a more extensive questionnaire be required, segmenting it into sections is recommended.
2. The Questions Should be Clear: Craft questions that are clear, brief, polite, and easily grasped, minimizing any chance of misunderstanding. Maintain a neutral tone to prevent influencing respondents’ views. Ensure that your personal inclinations don’t shape the wording, whether consciously or not. Precision in questioning is key to gathering reliable data.
3. The Questions should be Arranged in a Logical Sequence: Arranging inquiries in a coherent sequence enhances the efficiency of the research endeavor, cutting down on superfluous work for the investigator and diminishing the chances of inaccuracies. Take, for example, the process of questioning about car ownership, which could proceed as follows:
- Do you presently possess a vehicle?
- If so, when was it procured?
- What brand is your vehicle?
- What was the purchase price of the vehicle?
- Are you content with its performance?
- Have you ever taken the vehicle for servicing?
4. Should be Simple to Understand: Craft questionnaires with precise language, refraining from employing vague terms such as “good,” “bad,” “efficient,” “sufficient,” “prosperity,” “rarely,” “frequently,” “reasonable,” “poor,” “rich,” etc., which may result in varied interpretations among respondents, thereby compromising the accuracy of data collected. Additionally, avoid utilizing words with ambiguous meanings like “price,” “assets,” “capital income,” etc. Opt for objectivity in questionnaire construction to ensure reliability and eliminate subjective biases.
5. Should be Comprehensive and Easily Answerable: Queries ought to be crafted in a manner that’s simple for respondents to grasp and respond to without difficulty. They should steer clear of unnecessary complexity or difficulty, and refrain from necessitating mathematical computations like percentages or ratios.
6. Personal and sensitive Questions should not be Asked: Some questions may make respondents uncomfortable, leading to feelings of shyness or irritation. Therefore, it’s crucial to avoid such inquiries whenever feasible. For example:
- Are you the one who cooks, or does your spouse handle it?
- Do you partake in alcoholic beverages?
These types of questions can potentially irk those being asked, so it’s advisable to avoid them whenever feasible. If unavoidable, it’s essential to address them with tact and sensitivity or rephrase them in a more respectful manner.
7. Types of Questions asked should be Simple and to the Point: The composition of questions for inclusion in a questionnaire hinges entirely on the specific aims and objectives of the research being conducted. It is the study’s blueprint and selected research approach that dictate the nature and volume of questions ideally suited for a well-designed questionnaire. Typically, the following question formats warrant consideration when developing a questionnaire for research purposes:
7.1 Closed-Ended Questions: These questions are structured to limit response options, typically providing predefined choices for respondents. They can be further subdivided into various formats for detailed analysis.
7.2 Binary Questions: This category presents respondents with a choice between two distinct options, such as ‘Yes’ or ‘No’, ‘Right’ or ‘Wrong’, and the like. These are commonly known as dichotomous questions and are useful in scenarios where only two clear-cut alternatives exist.
7.3 Multiple Choice Questions: Multiple-choice questions offer respondents a convenient and efficient way to provide answers. They simplify the response process, saving time and facilitating data analysis. This format is particularly suitable when there are a limited number of feasible alternatives for a given question.
In situations where defining discrete alternatives poses challenges, additional choices beyond a simple “Yes” or “No” can be included. These supplementary options, such as “Do not know,” “No opinion,” “Occasionally,” “Casually,” or “Seldom,” allow for nuanced responses. For instance, when evaluating behaviours like smoking or drinking, a range of multiple-choice options might be presented to capture varying degrees of involvement.
(a) Yes, regularly [ ] (b) No, never [ ]
(c) Occasionally [ ] (d) Seldom [ ]
9. Cross Checks for Proposed Questionnaire: The survey ought to be designed to include interconnected inquiries that act as internal verification mechanisms for the details supplied by participants. These inquiries need to cover crucial elements of the investigation, guaranteeing the precision and dependability of the collected data.
10. Pre-testing the Questionnaire should be Priority: Before implementing the questionnaire for the broader investigation, it is prudent to conduct a pilot test on a small scale. This initial phase has demonstrated significant advantages in practical situations. By doing so, the researcher can identify potential issues, constraints, and difficulties, which in turn can guide essential enhancements or modifications to the questionnaire.
11. A Covering Request Letter: The inquiry organizers thoughtfully include a cover letter along with the questionnaire, which serves several important purposes. Firstly, it clarifies definitions, units, and concepts used in the questionnaire, ensuring respondents understand the content. Secondly, it aims to build confidence in respondents, assuring them of the importance of their input. Additionally, the letter provides a self-addressed envelope for mailed questionnaires, making it convenient for respondents to return them. It also mentions any awards or incentives for prompt responses, encouraging timely completion. Lastly, it assures recipients that they will receive a copy of the survey report upon completion.
Conclusion: In summary, it’s clear that a well-designed questionnaire is crucial for researchers to achieve objective results. It should be concise, using simple language and easily answerable questions. Crafting such a questionnaire involves employing clear language, thorough editing, evaluation, and iterative refinement.
Questionnaire Design Process
The questionnaire design process comprises several steps, including:
1. Specify the Information Needed: The first and pivotal step in developing a questionnaire is to precisely define the information needed from respondents to fulfill the survey’s goals. Researchers must carefully evaluate all facets of the topic under investigation, emphasizing elements such as hypotheses, research questions, and necessary data.
2. Define the Target Respondent: At the outset, it’s crucial for the researcher to identify the particular individuals from whom data will be collected. Crafting questions should be customized to match the traits of the participants under examination. For example, queries suitable for military personnel may not be applicable for corporate executives. Opting for a more homogenous group of respondents is recommended, as creating a questionnaire suitable for a highly varied group can pose difficulties.
3. Specify the type of Interviewing Method: The next step is to decide how to reach out to respondents. Personal interviews offer direct interaction between individuals and interviewers, enabling the discussion of detailed and varied questions. On the other hand, telephone interviews rely on respondents providing answers verbally, without seeing the questionnaire, which constrains the type of questions that can be asked to be brief and direct. Questionnaires can also be sent through traditional mail, requiring clarity and completeness to ensure recipients understand and can respond comprehensively. Furthermore, electronic questionnaires are sent directly to respondents’ email addresses, encouraging them to provide responses online.
4. Determine the Content of Individual Questions: Once the necessary data has been identified and the interviewing techniques established, the subsequent phase involves crafting the content of the questions. The researcher must meticulously choose what to incorporate in the questions, ensuring they contribute to the required information or serve a specific purpose. In some cases, it might be suitable to present indirect questions that are not directly tied to the sought-after information. Initiating a questionnaire with neutral inquiries can prove beneficial for fostering respondent engagement and rapport, especially when the subject matter is sensitive or controversial. Additionally, researchers ought to steer clear of double-barreled questions, which address two issues simultaneously, as they can result in confusion or inaccurate responses. For instance, rather than asking “Is Real juice tasty and a refreshing health drink?” it would be preferable to split these queries into separate questions for clarity and precision.
5. Overcome Respondent’s Inability and Unwillingness to Answer: The researcher must exercise care when interacting with each participant, acknowledging that certain inquiries may not yield precise answers. It’s important to assist respondents in overcoming any challenges they encounter while responding. Questions should be crafted using plain and unambiguous language to ensure comprehension by all participants. In instances where respondents may not be well-versed in the subject matter, preliminary questions can be used to identify appropriate candidates for the research. Moreover, if a participant shows reluctance in sharing information, it’s crucial for the researcher to probe further to understand the reasons and adjust the questionnaire to keep the participant engaged.
6. Decide on the Question Structure: The researcher is confronted with the challenge of deciding on the type of questions to include in the survey. They have the option of selecting between structured and unstructured questions. Unstructured questions, often called open-ended questions, necessitate respondents to offer their responses in their own language. In contrast, structured questions, known as closed-ended questions, present predetermined response choices. These structured questions could manifest as multiple-choice queries, dichotomous questions (with yes or no alternatives), or scales.
7. Determine Wording of the Question: To maintain effective communication with participants, it’s vital to express questions using clear and straightforward language for better comprehension. This process includes rephrasing questions in a manner that is easily understandable, ensuring the accurate capture of intended information. Questions that are poorly constructed may cause respondents to hesitate or provide inaccurate answers, leading to either non-response or response errors. Non-response creates challenges during data analysis due to missing information, while response errors can introduce bias into the findings. Hence, meticulous crafting of questions is crucial to obtain precise and trustworthy data.
8. Determine the Order of Questions: At this point, the researcher encounters the challenge of arranging the sequence of questions. The first questions are crucial for building respondent engagement and rapport. Hence, they ought to be interesting, approachable, and clear. Generally, open-ended questions that ask for respondents’ opinions are considered effective as opening inquiries since people often like sharing their perspectives.
9. Identify the Form and Layout: The configuration, arrangement, and distribution of questions wield significant influence in shaping results. This holds especially true for self-administered surveys, where the structure carries paramount importance. It’s imperative to segment the questionnaire into clear sections, ensuring precise numbering to demarcate various facets of each question.
10. Reproduction of Questionnaire: In this conversation, we’re delving into how questionnaires are presented, particularly regarding the quality of paper used for printing or writing. When questionnaires are printed on subpar paper, participants might interpret the research as less significant, potentially affecting the thoroughness of their responses. Thus, it’s recommended to utilize top-notch paper with a polished look for reproducing the questionnaire. Moreover, if the questionnaire consists of multiple pages, it’s better to present it in a booklet format rather than as individual sheets fastened together with clips or staples.
11. Pre-testing: Pre-testing is the method of assessing questionnaires with a small sample of participants to improve their quality by detecting and addressing any problems. This procedure involves scrutinizing different elements of the questionnaire such as question content, organization, phrasing, order, presentation, formatting, instructions, and level of difficulty. Researchers must guarantee that the pre-test participants accurately reflect the demographics of the eventual survey population. Thus, crafting a questionnaire becomes a thorough, multi-step endeavour requiring thoughtful attention to various factors.
Types of Questionnaire
The questionnaire plays a pivotal role in structured surveys and interviews by facilitating interaction between respondents and the inquiries posed to them. During this interaction, respondents interpret the questions and articulate their responses in their own terms. Sometimes known as an interview schedule, this method involves researchers asking questions and noting down the respondents’ answers directly onto the schedule. To ensure clarity, researchers might need to address any confusion or uncertainties the respondents may have about the questions. Before deploying questionnaires widely, researchers must meticulously design and rigorously test them. There are diverse types of questionnaires available, each serving specific purposes.
1. Closed-ended Questionnaire: Closed-ended surveys usually comprise questions offering predetermined answer choices, like multiple choice or scale questions. They’re ideal for large-scale administration to diverse audiences. Their structured nature facilitates easy input of data into computer systems for analysis.
2. Open-ended Questionnaire: Open-ended surveys offer participants the liberty to articulate their views using their own expressions. These questionnaires typically feature sections where respondents can furnish elaborate responses in their own manner. In contrast, closed-ended surveys are primarily aimed at acquiring precise quantitative data, such as the count of commuters utilizing the metro rail service in New Delhi. Nonetheless, open-ended surveys excel in capturing qualitative perspectives, like assessments of service quality and overall experiences.
3. Combined Questionnaire: This method enables the evaluation of both service usage rates and user perceptions concurrently. The survey may begin with a series of closed-ended questions, offering choices or rating scales, followed by a section for open-ended inquiries or detailed feedback.
4. Computer Questionnaire: Survey respondents are asked to fill out the questionnaire sent through postal mail. Utilizing computerized questionnaires presents numerous advantages including cost savings, time efficiency, and the convenience for participants to respond at their leisure, leading to more accurate responses. However, a notable disadvantage of postal surveys is the potential for respondents to overlook or disregard the questionnaire entirely.
5. Telephone Questionnaire: Scientists might choose to reach out to potential respondents via phone to prompt them to participate in the survey. Employing a telephone-based questionnaire presents the advantage of efficiency, as it allows for swift completion within a short timeframe. Nevertheless, a significant drawback lies in its typically steep expenses. Furthermore, a considerable number of people might feel uncomfortable responding to a multitude of questions over the phone, and securing a representative sample for phone-based surveys can prove to be difficult.
6. In-house Survey bases Questionnaire: This specific type of survey involves researchers directly visiting respondents at their residences or places of work. Carrying out surveys on-site provides the advantage of ensuring heightened attention and engagement from respondents towards the inquiries. However, this approach also presents several limitations, including its time-consuming nature, higher expenses, and the possibility of encountering reluctance from respondents who may object to researchers visiting their homes or workplaces for various reasons.
7. Mail Questionnaire. Such surveys typically entail researchers distributing questionnaire sets to respondents through traditional mail, frequently accompanied by a prepaid return envelope. Mail-in surveys present the advantage of potentially yielding more accurate responses, given participants can fill them out at their leisure. Nonetheless, challenges include elevated expenses, consuming considerable time, and the risk of participants disregarding or abandoning them unfinished.
8. Types of Questions used in Questionnaire: When crafting a questionnaire, various question formats can be employed:
8.1 Open-ended questions: These queries allow respondents to freely express their thoughts, often leading to unexpected insights that enrich the research’s originality and importance. However, analyzing the data collected from such responses can be challenging.
8.2 Multiple-choice questions: Participants are presented with several options from which they must choose. Yet, a downside emerges when the number of choices becomes excessive, potentially making the questionnaire confusing and uninteresting, which could discourage completion.
8.3 Dichotomous questions: This question type offers respondents a binary choice – either affirming or negating. It provides a simple format for engagement.
8.4 Scaling questions: Also known as ranking questions, these prompt respondents to prioritize provided answers using a specified range of values, such as ranking from 1 to 10.
Importance of Questionnaire in Social Science Research
Questionnaires have increasingly become vital tools in social science research, steadily gaining importance in today’s dynamic research environment. They play a critical role in contemporary research efforts, assisting researchers in collecting crucial data. Their significance is highlighted by various key factors:
1. Questionnaire is Economic: It offers an economical approach to collecting data, advantageous for both the sender and the recipient in terms of time, energy, and costs. Employing questionnaires involves minimal expenses for conducting research, primarily covering paper printing and postage. This method eliminates the necessity for researchers to make personal visits to each participant, thereby lowering the overall research expenses.
2. Having Wide Coverage: When confronted with a widely dispersed sample population, utilizing questionnaires proves to be a highly effective method for gathering information when compared to alternatives like interviews or direct observation. This approach allows for comprehensive coverage, reaching a national or even international scale, and facilitating contact with individuals who might otherwise be difficult to reach. Questionnaires offer the advantage of engaging with a large number of respondents simultaneously. According to Goode and Hatt, in situations where researchers need to reach widely scattered respondents, questionnaires offer a cost-effective solution, reducing expenses. This method enables the distribution of questionnaires to all members of the population, allowing for data collection without the need for a large interviewing staff, thus lowering financial requirements.
3. Rapidity: Using the questionnaire method allows for quick responses without the need for face-to-face interactions or lengthy research periods. As a result, mailed surveys are found to be the fastest option when compared to other methods like in-person interviews.
4. Suitable in Special Type of Response: The questionnaire technique proves highly efficient in collecting delicate personal details that individuals may feel reluctant to openly share. This method facilitates the investigation of subjects like intimate relationships, including sexual and marital aspects, and concealed desires, all while ensuring respondent confidentiality.
5. Repetitive Information: When contemplating different strategies like scheduling, interviewing, or observation, the questionnaire technique shines for its perceived usefulness and affordability, especially for collecting repetitive data at regular intervals.
6. An Easier Method: Utilizing a questionnaire offers a straightforward method for structuring, creating, and executing surveys. It doesn’t require in-depth technical skills or specialized expertise.
7. It Puts Less Pressure on the Respondents: It alleviates the pressure on participants to respond immediately. They can choose to reply according to their own schedule, unlike interviews or observations, which necessitate specific timeframes and situations.
8. Uniformity: Using a survey helps guide participants’ attention to crucial elements, ensuring they focus on important factors. Through its structured layout, standardized instructions encourage uniformity in how responses are recorded, reducing differences among participants.
9. Useful Preliminary Tool: A survey can function as a preliminary tool for carrying out further research utilizing different approaches in subsequent phases.
10. Greater Validity: Questionnaires present unique benefits for guaranteeing the precision of conveyed information. Unlike techniques like interviews or observations, where the dependability of answers relies on how the researcher documents them, questionnaires empower subjects to express themselves freely. This reduces the possibility of researcher bias or misunderstanding, since the responses come directly from the participants.
11. Anonymity: The survey ensures respondent anonymity, promising that their identities will be kept confidential. This promise instills confidence in them, enabling them to openly share their opinions without worrying about being recognized. As a result, respondents feel comfortable and uninhibited when expressing their views using this method.
12. Most Flexible Tool for Data Collection: Certainly, the questionnaire emerges as the most versatile tool for collecting both quantitative and qualitative data.
Disadvantages of Questionnaire
Following are the disadvantages of Questionnaire:
1. Limited Response: One notable limitation of employing surveys is their constrained suitability, especially for individuals with specific educational backgrounds. They prove inadequate for those who lack literacy skills or possess only basic reading abilities. Moreover, surveys frequently miss out on engaging individuals who are exceptionally occupied, uninterested, or inclined to keep their personal information confidential. Similarly, those harboring negative perceptions toward research and its goals are often excluded from survey participation. Despite constituting a substantial segment of the target population, these individuals pose challenges for survey outreach efforts. Hence, surveys are ill-equipped for effectively collecting data from this particular demographic.
2. Lack of Personal Contact: In the context of employing a survey, when the researcher chooses not to engage in fieldwork, they forego the opportunity to establish authentic personal relationships with the participants. As a result, if respondents encounter unfamiliar technical terms or have questions, there’s no one on hand to offer clarification. Even though the researcher endeavours to create a questionnaire that is clear, concise, and easy to understand, the intended goals and objectives could be better communicated through direct interpersonal contact. Without this direct interaction, motivating respondents to fill out the survey becomes notably difficult.
3. Poor Response: When employing the mailed questionnaire method, the response rate often remains modest. Various factors play into the chances of obtaining responses, such as the design and length of the questionnaire, the organization conducting the survey, the attractiveness of the appeal, the target respondents, and any incentives provided for participation.
4. Unreliability: Data collected via surveys might suffer from notable shortcomings in terms of reliability and validity. In instances where participants misunderstand questions or offer responses that are unclear or incomplete, there are limited avenues for rectification. Conversely, interviews provide the advantage of being able to reformulate questions to attain greater clarity. Queries can be reiterated with supplementary elucidation when required. Nevertheless, surveys lack the adaptability to iterate, elucidate, or refine questions based on individual responses. Consequently, evaluating the validity of participants’ responses through this method poses significant challenges.
5. Illegibility: Researchers often encounter substantial difficulties when attempting to interpret responses due to participants’ illegible handwriting. At times, respondents exacerbate the issue by repeatedly erasing and rewriting their answers, making them even more challenging to decipher.
6. Incomplete Entries: Often, a considerable number of respondents fail to adequately fill out questionnaire forms. They may opt to skip several questions altogether or offer responses that pose challenges for researchers to decipher. Moreover, language barriers, reliance on abbreviations, and vague terminology can exacerbate the problem, leading to incomplete questionnaires.
7. Possibility of Manipulated Entries: During interviews, the investigator directly interacts with respondents in person, facilitating a comprehensive evaluation of their viewpoints and comprehension of the research subject. This direct engagement minimizes the risk of respondents altering their responses. Conversely, when utilizing questionnaires, it becomes difficult to identify inaccuracies or guarantee the credibility and consistency of the data supplied by respondents. In the absence of the researcher, respondents might be more prone to providing misleading or manipulated information.
8. Useless in Depth-Studies: The questionnaire method poses challenges for researchers aiming to fully understand participants’ emotions, reactions, and viewpoints because it lacks direct interaction. Unlike interview-based approaches that foster rapport, questionnaires lack the researcher’s direct presence, limiting the depth of exploration into respondents’ experiences. Consequently, they may not offer the thorough investigation afforded by methods involving direct engagement, making them less suitable for comprehensive studies.
9. Response from Improper Representative Section of People: The respondents who decide to complete the questionnaires may not fully reflect the entire population. Only those with a predisposition towards research, a sense of responsibility, or an interest in the subject may participate. Consequently, there’s a risk of excluding substantial portions of the population, thus compromising the credibility of the ultimate conclusions and discoveries.
10. Lack of Rapport with the Subject: Many people are hesitant to share important details unless they feel confident in the intentions behind a study and trust the person conducting it. When the questionnaire doesn’t facilitate a connection between the investigator and the respondent, it reduces the chances of receiving a truly open response.
11. Not Suitable for Delicate Issues: Some areas of study require handling with extreme care due to their complexity, sensitivity, and confidentiality, posing difficulties in crafting inquiries about them. Articulating such delicate subjects in written format can present formidable challenges.
What to Avoid in a Good Questionnaire?
Aside from highlighting the positive qualities of a well-designed questionnaire, it’s crucial to avoid specific shortcomings whenever possible.
1. Greater than required length: When faced with a surplus of inquiries, the chances of getting responses decrease notably. When individuals are busy, they tend to avoid tackling multiple questions. Therefore, it’s wise to make inquiries clear and succinct. A successful survey is short and to the point, ideally fitting on one page.
2. Subjective Questions: Limiting subjective or open-ended queries is advisable, except when crucial for collecting user or target group input. These inquiries often yield diverse viewpoints, making it difficult to quantify and convey the findings effectively. Additionally, respondents may stray into personal stories, diminishing the research’s utility. Considering their tendency to demand substantial resources, it’s best to avoid such questions whenever feasible.
3. Contradicting questions: Prior to requesting someone to complete a questionnaire, it’s crucial to carefully examine it on three to four occasions. This practice guarantees the absence of any contradictions or duplications within the questions.
4. Objectify/bias/conclusion: An issue frequently observed during the creation of questionnaires is the failure to uphold neutrality. It is essential to guarantee that the survey maintains impartiality, free from any bias stemming from the organization or the individual crafting it. Every question must be impartial, without any intention to sway responses to subsequent questions.
References and Readings:
Sociology by C.N. Shankar Rao, https://amzn.to/41A3Wh4
Social Research Methods,by Neuman/Tucker, https://amzn.to/41J8Loa
Methods in social research, Goode and Hatt, https://amzn.to/3DnJAyk