Regionalism

• Introduction
• Meaning of Regionalism
• Characteristics of Regionalism
• Causes of Regionalism in India
• Types of Regionalism
• Consequences of Regionalism
• Measures to Eliminate Regionalism in India

Introduction

Regionalism entails the establishment of political, economic, or social structures centered on allegiance to a distinct geographical locale characterized by ideological and cultural uniformity within its population. It represents a manifestation of shared identity and objectives among the inhabitants of a specific region, bound together by their distinct language, customs, and other cultural traits. Regionalism takes a negative turn when the interests of a region or nation are pitted antagonistically against the wider nation or another region, fostering conflict.

Defined as a “political doctrine advocating for the interests and values of a particular group, locality, or subdivision within a state,” the concept of regionalism’s interpretation fluctuates due to influences such as caste, religion, and geography.

Regionalism can be understood in two distinct ways:

• Negatively, it denotes an excessive loyalty to one’s local area rather than to the broader state or nation.
• Positively, it represents a political sentiment tied to an affection for one’s region, culture, language, etc., aimed at preserving its unique identity.

The positive aspect of regionalism fosters a sense of camaraderie and unity among people sharing common linguistic, religious, or historical ties. Conversely, negative regionalism poses a significant threat to a nation’s unity and integrity.

In the Indian context, regionalism has predominantly been associated with its negative connotation. This sentiment often arises from either the persistent neglect of a specific region by governing authorities or from the political awakening of marginalized communities. Frequently, certain political figures exploit regionalism to consolidate power within a particular locality or demographic.

India boasts a vibrant tapestry of languages, cultures and histories, fostering a landscape marked by diverse regionalism over time. This diversity has nurtured distinct regional identities, occasionally sparking political, cultural, and economic movements aimed at addressing regional concerns. Rooted in India’s myriad languages, cultures, and ethnicities, regionalism is propelled by localized concentrations and perceptions of deprivation concerning identity markers.

While regionalism can bolster local identities and promote diverse governance, it also poses challenges to national cohesion. Historically, the Indian government has grappled with these complexities by navigating a fine line of federalism, initiating political and economic measures to alleviate regional disparities. Balancing the aspirations of various regions remains an ongoing dynamic within India’s political realm.

Meaning of Regionalism

Regionalism refers to the formation of political, economic, and social structures that prioritize loyalty to a particular geographic area characterized by a shared culture and ideology. This often results in formal agreements among neighbouring countries to foster a sense of unity and work towards mutual goals for improved quality of life. Essentially, regionalism manifests as a collective identity and purpose among people in a specific area, united by their unique language, culture, and other factors.

From this perspective, regionalism can be seen as a psychological phenomenon centered on group identity and allegiance to one’s own region. It involves prioritizing the development of one’s own area without necessarily considering the interests of other regions, potentially limiting the benefits to outsiders.

Characteristics of Regionalism

Regionalism is influenced by variations in economics, society, politics, and culture. It manifests as a psychological construct, serving as a means of expressing group identity and allegiance to a specific region. To grasp this concept more precisely, it’s essential to delineate its defining characteristics:

1. Focus on Regional Development: Regionalism involves prioritizing the development of one’s own region without considering the interests of other regions.

2. Interaction with People from Other Regions: Regional affinity often leads people from one area to exclude those from other regions, hindering cross-regional benefits.

3. Trade Blocs: Regionalism emphasizes economic and financial cooperation, often resulting in the formation of trade blocs. These agreements, such as the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), aim to reduce barriers like taxes and tariffs to promote trade and enhance economic strength.

4. Emphasis on Peace and Security: Some forms of regionalism focus on maintaining peace and security. Efforts like the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) were established to unite against common threats, such as communism during the Cold War.

5. Promotion of Shared Goals among Nation-States: Another aspect of regionalism involves promoting shared objectives among nation-states and addressing common challenges. This deeper form of regionalization fosters cultural and value-based unity, exemplified by organizations like the African Union (AU) and the Arab League.

6. Impact on Global Politics: Regional blocs wield significant influence in global politics by aligning countries to pursue common policies. This influence becomes particularly relevant in the context of globalization.

On the basis of above description, it can be stated that regionalism is interconnected and overlap based on regional feeling, aspiration, emotion and feelings, and although some institutions form for one purpose they can progress into others as well. This can be seen in the EU, which has developed policies that cover the economy, security and politics.

Causes of Regionalism in India

India boasts an extraordinary blend of diversity and pluralism. Its unique ability to foster widespread unity, peace, and tolerance sets it apart from other nations. This unity amid diversity is admired globally. However, within this overarching unity, regional conflicts persist due to various underlying factors. These factors contributing to regionalism include:

1. Geographical Factor: Regional identity in India is deeply intertwined with geographical factors, a phenomenon rich in symbolism. Variances in terrain, climate, and settlement patterns foster distinct regional perceptions among the populace. India’s geography is characterized by remarkable diversity, leading to considerable climatic variations. These differences in climate, in turn, shape lifestyle choices and dietary preferences. For instance, while North India experiences extreme cold in winter and intense heat in summer, South India maintains a consistently hot and humid climate year-round. Consequently, clothing styles and daily routines diverge between these regions. Inhabitants of the Himalayan foothills, accustomed to high altitudes and frigid temperatures, have evolved distinct adaptations. Similarly, forest-dwelling communities, such as tribes, rely heavily on their natural surroundings for sustenance, shelter, and other necessities, resulting in lifestyles markedly distinct from those of the broader population.

2. Historical and Cultural Factors: Regionalism is often interpreted through various lenses including cultural heritage, folklore, myths, symbolism, and historical traditions. Additionally, local heroes and their remarkable accomplishments serve as sources of inspiration for communities. However, the landscape of regionalism is also shaped by political and economic realities, influenced by a multitude of historical and cultural factors.

Throughout ancient history, India’s political landscape was characterized by fragmentation, with regional kingdoms like the Cholas and Pandyas in South India, and the Satavahanas in Andhra, reigning supreme. It wasn’t until the reign of Ashoka that India saw a semblance of political unity. In the medieval period, India was governed by kings from diverse Islamic branches, with unification occurring notably under Akbar’s rule. Despite the semblance of central governance during Akbar’s reign, regional autonomy and distinct cultural identities persisted, with numerous governors overseeing smaller provinces.

British colonial rule further complicated India’s political landscape, as the British fostered regional differences through their divisive policies, notably the “divide and rule” strategy. This approach granted autonomy and concessions to various princely states, perpetuating a fragmented political environment. Additionally, the British engaged in conflicts such as the Carnatic Wars, exacerbating divisions among regional powers and hindering the formation of a unified state.

3. Economic Factors: Certain areas of the nation boast concentrations of industry and factories, along with well-established education and health services, and advanced communication networks. In such regions, agricultural progress has been rapid. However, there are still areas where the significance of achieving socio-economic independence remains elusive. The historical legacy of British rule bears responsibility for fostering these significant regional disparities, as they prioritized administration, trade, and commerce over equitable development.

In the post-independence era, it becomes imperative to strive for regional equilibrium, particularly in domains like industry, agriculture, and overall economic progress. The prevailing inequality has fostered a sense of relative deprivation among inhabitants of economically marginalized areas, fuelling calls for separate states such as Bodoland, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, and Telangana.

Economic factors significantly contribute to the rise of regionalism. States and territories endowed with superior infrastructure, healthcare, and employment opportunities naturally experience more robust development, exacerbating inter-regional disparities. States like Jharkhand and Telangana emerged in response to perceived developmental neglect. The genesis of Naxalism can be traced back to the economic disenfranchisement experienced by communities in these regions.

4. Political-administrative Factors: Political factions, particularly those at the regional and local levels, capitalize on regional sentiments and grievances, leveraging them to bolster their own support bases. They incorporate regional concerns into their electoral platforms, pledging political and regional progress. These factions generally fall into two categories: national and regional parties. Nationalist parties often hold sway across multiple states, focusing on a unified national agenda. Conversely, regional political parties tend to operate within a single state, championing issues specific to that region. They frequently utilize regional and linguistic identities to garner votes, with various regional parties and fringe groups advocating for such agendas across different states.

5. Linguistic Factors: India’s linguistic landscape is rich and diverse, with 22 official languages recognized by the Constitution and an estimated 1,635 mother tongues spoken across the country. Among these, 29 languages boast native speaker populations exceeding 10 million. The significance of one’s mother tongue extends beyond communication; it fosters a profound sense of identity and belonging. Renaming cities like Bombay to Mumbai, Bangalore to Bengaluru, and Madras to Chennai reflects the deep-rooted attachment people have to their language.

This linguistic diversity played a pivotal role in the formation of states post-independence, facilitating not just emotional bonds but also practical aspects like daily communication and business transactions. While Hindi is designated as the official language according to the Constitution and has been actively promoted by the Indian government since independence, its imposition faces resistance in non-Hindi speaking regions. Today, linguistic differences pose a challenge to national unity, hindering interregional travel and integration.

Despite the constitutional guarantee of the right to live and settle anywhere in India, language disparities create barriers to employment and livelihood, prompting individuals to prefer staying within their linguistic comfort zones. This segregation impedes the mingling of people from diverse backgrounds, undermining the cohesive fabric of the nation.

6. Ethnic Factors: India boasts a diverse array of ethnicities, a fact substantiated by anthropological research. Such diversity has frequently fueled calls for political autonomy and even secession. In certain instances, these demands have escalated into violent armed conflicts against existing governmental structures. Consequently, these factors pose significant challenges to India’s unity.

7. Caste System: The caste system assigned varying social statuses to different segments of society, while also fostering sectarian and occasionally regional ambitions. An illustration of this can be seen in the case of the Vanniyars from northern Tamil Nadu, who advocate for a distinct nation founded on caste affiliation.

8. Rituals and Festivals: India observes a multitude of festivals, encompassing both religious and secular themes. The diversity is particularly pronounced in regions where Hinduism is prevalent, as festivities and customs vary considerably across localities. Additionally, tribal communities contribute to this rich tapestry with their own unique celebrations, such as Nagaland’s Hornet festival, which offers a glimpse into tribal traditions and lifestyles.

Types of Regionalism

As previously mentioned, regionalism represents a political stance advocating for either independence or policies benefiting a specific area within a state. It primarily revolves around fostering a sense of local identity and autonomy. Categorizing regionalism proves challenging due to the significant interplay among its various forms, each reinforcing the others. For instance, economic cooperation is pursued for security, which in turn safeguards certain values and stimulates economic growth. Despite the complexity, an effort will be made here to classify regionalism as follows:

1. Supra-state Regionalism: Supra-state regionalism represents the collective identity of multiple regions. In this form of regionalism, a cluster of nations unite to adopt a unified stance on shared interests, often in opposition to another bloc of nations or alliances. This collective identity is typically defined by common themes and is characterized by its oppositional nature. Unlike the permanent fusion of national and collective identities, supra-state regionalism allows for the coexistence of tensions and conflicts alongside cooperation, particularly during intergroup competitions. A notable example of this phenomenon can be observed in the north-eastern states of India.

2. Inter-state Regionalism: Inter-state regionalism occurs when multiple states’ identities are juxtaposed against each other within provincial territories. This phenomenon is context-specific and can be observed in disputes such as those between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu regarding the allocation of Kaveri water resources.

3. Intra-state Regionalism: Intra-state regionalism reflects a phenomenon in which certain regions within a country seek to assert their distinct identity and pursue development initiatives independently, often perceived in a favourable light. Conversely, it becomes detrimental when it conflicts with the shared interests of the state and its populace. For instance, Odisha exhibits distinct characteristics in its coastal and western regions, while Andhra Pradesh encompasses both coastal and Telangana regions, illustrating this diversity within states.

Consequences of Regionalism

Regionalism has led to a multitude of disputes and calls for the creation of independent states. Below are several significant outcomes stemming from regionalism in India:

1. Linguistic Reorganization of States: Potti Sriramulu’s unwavering determination played a pivotal role in the establishment of Andhra Pradesh and paved the way for linguistic recognition of Indian states. His ultimate sacrifice in 1952, fasting for 52 days in support of Telugu-speaking people, deeply impacted the nation. Sriramulu’s passing compelled Jawaharlal Nehru to address similar demands from various regions. Consequently, in 1954, the formation of the State Reorganization Committee, headed by Fazal Ali, was initiated. This committee advocated for the creation of 16 new states and 3 union territories based on linguistic principles.

2. Demand for Dravida Nadu: The trajectory of regionalism in India commenced with the inception of the Dravidian movement in 1925 in Tamil Nadu. Termed as the “self-respect movement,” its initial objectives were centered around the upliftment of marginalized sections including Dalits, non-Brahmins, and the economically disadvantaged. It later staunchly opposed the imposition of Hindi as the exclusive official language in non-Hindi speaking regions. However, the movement took a separatist turn with the advocacy for a separate Dravidistan or Dravida Nadu. By the 1960s, the DMK and Tamil nationalists mobilized a collective movement across the Madras region advocating for its secession from India, envisioning an independent Tamil Nadu. The DMK’s proposition extended to the secession of Madras, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, and Mysore from the Indian Union, aiming to establish an autonomous “Republic of Dravida Nadu.”

3. Telangana Movement: In the aftermath of the establishment of Andhra Pradesh, residents of Telangana voiced discontentment regarding the fulfillment of agreements and assurances. This dissatisfaction escalated in January 1969, as the expiration of the stipulated guarantees outlined in the 1956 Gentlemen’s Agreement approached. The protest originated at Osmania University in Hyderabad and soon gained traction across the region. Both government employees and opposition members of the state assembly vowed to take “direct action” in solidarity with the student movement. Eventually, these efforts culminated in the creation of a unified Telangana state. It’s important to recognize that the historical disparities between the two regions stem from their differing experiences under colonial rule. While Andhra was under direct British rule, Telangana was governed by the Nizam of Hyderabad, whose administration was perceived as less effective. This divergence in historical governance has shaped the developmental trajectories of Andhra and Telangana over time.

4. Shiv Sena Against Kannadigas: In 1966, Shiv Sena initiated a campaign in Maharashtra purportedly in defense of Marathi culture, targeting Kannadigas. The initial focus of this movement was on South Indian workers employed in Udupi restaurants across Mumbai. The agitation was framed as a response to perceived injustices, particularly the alleged mistreatment of Marathi speakers in border regions.

5. Bodoland Demand within Assam: The Bodo agitation, spearheaded by the Assam Bodo Students Union, seeks the establishment of a separate state through methods marked by widespread violence and mob actions. A key catalyst behind the unrest in Assam stems from the disproportionate focus on educational expansion, particularly in higher education, at the expense of industrialization and the development of job opportunities in underdeveloped regions. Consequently, disenchanted youth gravitate towards movements opposing immigration from neighboring regions and countries. Moreover, unemployed youngsters find appeal in various caste, communal, and interest groups advocating for rights protection along sectarian lines.

6. Khalistan Movement: During the 1980s, there was a surge in the Khalistan movement within the Punjab region of both India and Pakistan, advocating for the establishment of a separate Sikh homeland, commonly known as Khalistan. Notably, this demand carried undertones of communism as it focused solely on the Sikh community.

7. Attacks on Bihar Labourers by the ULFA: The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) persists in executing ambushes and sporadic assaults on government security forces. Back in 2003, the ULFA was implicated in the killing of Bihar labourers, purportedly in retaliation for the reported molestation and rape of several Assamese girls aboard a Bihar-bound train. This incident stoked anti-Bihari sentiments in Assam, albeit these sentiments waned after a brief period. Subsequently, on August 15, 2004, an explosion rocked Assam, claiming the lives of 10-15 individuals, including schoolchildren. The ULFA was allegedly behind this blast, though their acknowledgment of responsibility was indirect. Notably, this marked the first instance where the ULFA hinted at involvement in public arson killings. Then, in January 2007, the ULFA struck again in Assam, targeting approximately 62 Hindi-speaking migrant workers, predominantly from Bihar. Later, on March 15, 2007, the ULFA set off an explosion during Army Day celebrations in Guwahati, injuring six people.

8. The MNS Targeting North Indians: In 2008, Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) activists initiated a series of aggressive protests against individuals from North India. They enforced a ban on the screening of Bhojpuri films in cinemas throughout Maharashtra and singled out vendors and traders hailing from North India for harassment.

9. Inter-State Disputes: Interstate disputes in India often manifest as various forms of regionalism. For instance, tensions arise over border demarcations, as seen in the conflict between Karnataka and Maharashtra regarding Belgaum, where Marathi-speaking inhabitants are encircled by Kannada-speaking communities. Similarly, disputes exist between Kerala and Karnataka over Kasargod, and between Assam and Nagaland concerning the Rengma reserved forests. Chandigarh is a focal point of contention between Punjab and Haryana. Moreover, significant disagreements have arisen over water resources, such as the utilization of the Narmada, Krishna, and Cauvery rivers, involving states like Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Maharashtra. The Cauvery waters have also been a source of dispute among Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka. Additionally, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh have clashed over the utilization and allocation of Krishna river water. Conflicts over the Ravi River’s waters involve Punjab, Rajasthan, and Himachal Pradesh. Furthermore, issues regarding power distribution persist between Punjab and Delhi.

Measures to Eliminate Regionalism in India

To address the challenge posed by regionalism and promote national integration, the following measures can be taken:

1. Education for All:  Education holds a revered place in Indian culture, cherished and revered since ancient times. Throughout history, Indians have been renowned for their pursuit of knowledge, fostering a deep-rooted tradition of learning. This longstanding commitment to education has played a significant role in shaping the nation’s character and identity. It serves as a potent instrument in fostering unity and nurturing a strong sense of national pride among the people, thus countering divisive forces and promoting solidarity among fellow citizens.

2. Acculturation: Different regions uphold their cultural distinctiveness, which hinders the blending of diverse regional and cultural strengths. Encouraging regular cultural exchanges can dissolve these regional barriers and foster a sense of national unity. Despite each region having its own traditional music, cross-influences are not uncommon. Across the nation, popular ballads narrate heroic tales from folklore and legends. The tunes and instruments exhibit similar characteristics with minor local variations nationwide. Understanding Indian culture authentically requires grasping its intricate diversity. This can be attained by transforming regional cultures through exposure to and exchange of cultural traits with other regions or cultures.

3. Mitigation of Regional Disparities: It was widely believed that disparities in regional development fuelled discontent with regionalism among residents of specific areas. By ensuring equitable distribution of public funds, the issue of regionalism could be mitigated.

4. Improvement in Transport and Communication Facilities: Many underdeveloped areas within the nation suffer from inadequate transport and communication infrastructure, leading to limited connections with other regions and a sense of isolation. India has witnessed a notable surge in vehicular traffic, highlighting the significance of robust transportation networks. Railways, globally recognized for their pivotal role in fostering economic and social progress, play a crucial part in this context. Hence, fostering the development of transportation and communication systems in these marginalized regions is imperative for fostering both economic growth and social cohesion.

5. Prohibition of Regional Parties: Regional political parties often manipulate local emotions to their advantage, fueling regionalism and undermining national unity. Therefore, it is imperative to take steps to prohibit any such parties that pose a threat to the cohesion of the nation.

6. Development in Underdeveloped Regions: As a result of disparities in regional development across the nation, political tensions have arisen, fueling animosity between various regions. By focusing on fostering economic growth in regions experiencing a sense of relative deprivation, we can ameliorate this situation and integrate them into the broader national framework. History has demonstrated that the human factor plays a pivotal role in development. Achieving this entails a comprehensive strategy encompassing social, economic, and structural reforms aimed at liberating the underprivileged from both tangible and intangible constraints.

7. Change in Social Structure: In many developing nations, including India, the prevailing social structure often impedes development rather than fostering it. Investments intended to boost economic and social progress frequently end up disproportionately benefiting the already advantaged, further widening the gap with the marginalized. Paradoxically, this exacerbates tensions between the marginalized majority and proponents of regionalism, who often represent the interests of the privileged few. Hence, there’s a pressing need to overhaul our social framework. By reconfiguring societal structures, we can address both the developmental deficit and the divisive undercurrents of nationalism through a more inclusive regionalist approach.

8. Mass Media: In contemporary times, mass media wields considerable influence as catalysts for societal transformation. Through direct and indirect appeals, they promote the ideals of equitable regional development and national unity. Initiatives such as “Mera Bharat Mahan” exemplify this by inspiring individuals to transcend regional divides and contribute to the overarching goal of national progress.